The lower urinary tract (LUT, bladder and urethra) has two roles: storage of urine
and emptying at appropriate times. The optimal and coordinated activity of the LUT
is subject to a complex neural control which involves all levels of the nervous system,
from cortex to peripheral innervation. The complexity of the neural control of LUT
explains the high prevalence of urinary disturbances in neurologic disease. Information
obtained from history taking and supplemented by use of a bladder diary forms the
cornerstone of evaluation. Ultrasonography is used to assess the degree of incomplete
bladder emptying, and for assessing the upper tracts. Urodynamic tests, with or without
simultaneous fluoroscopic monitoring, assess detrusor and bladder outlet function
and give fundamental information about detrusor pressure and thus the risk factor
for upper tract damage.
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Article info
Publication history
Received:
May 15,
2013
Identification
Copyright
© 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
