Abstract
To identify autonomic neuropathy (AN) phenotypes, we used principal component analysis
on data from participants (N = 209) who underwent standardized autonomic testing including quantitative sudomotor
axon reflex testing, and heart rate and blood pressure at rest and during tilt, Valsalva,
and standardized deep breathing. The analysis identified seven clusters: 1) normal,
2) hyperadrenergic features without AN, 3) mild AN with hyperadrenergic features,
4) moderate AN, 5) mild AN with hypoadrenergic features, 6) borderline AN with hypoadrenergic
features, 7) mild balanced deficits across parasympathetic, sympathetic and sudomotor
domains. These findings demonstrate a complex relationship between adrenergic and
other aspects of autonomic function.
Keywords
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: December 09, 2022
Accepted:
December 6,
2022
Received in revised form:
September 12,
2022
Received:
June 27,
2022
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
